What Happened to Child Labor in Indonesia During the Economic Crisis: the Trade-off Between School and Work

Although in general less prevalent than other developing countries at similar stage of development, the problem of child labor in Indonesia is significant. like in other countries, this study finds that there is a strong link between the child labor phenomenon and poverty. the profile of child labor largely mirrors the profile of poverty. furthermore, poverty is found as an important determinant of working for children. however, working does not always completely eliminate a child's opportunity to obtain formal education. in fact, children from poor households can still go to school by undertaking part-time work to pay for their education, implying that banning working for these children may force them to drop out of schools instead. since the phenomenon of child labor is strongly associated with and determined by poverty, the most effective policy for eliminating child labor is through poverty alleviation. other policies that can foster the rate of reduction in child labor are to make it easier for children from poor families to access education and to increase the opportunity cost of working by improving the quality of education to increase the rate of return to education. key words: child; labour

Potential of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated From Dangke and Indonesian Beef as Hypocholesterolaemic Agent

Lactobacillus fermentum strains were successfully isolated from dangke which was a fresh cheese-like product originating from Enrekang, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. In addition, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus acidophillus were isolated from beef. This study aimed to investigate the ability of those 8 LAB strains from dangke and beef in lowering cholesterol level by using in vitro study. Strain of Lactic acid bacteria used were L. fermentum strains (A323L, B111K, B323K, C113L, C212L), L. plantarum strains (IIA-1A5 and IIA-2C12), and L. acidophillus IIA-2B4. Variables observed were identification of Bile Salt Hydrolase (BSH) gene by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), BSH activity and cholesterol assimilation. Phylogenetic tree indicated homology of L. plantarum IIA-IA5 was 98% to BSH gene of L. plantarum Lp529 with access code of FJ439771 and FJ439775 obtained from GenBank. The results demonstrated that eight strains of LAB isolated from dangke and beef that potentially showed cholesterol-lowering effects were L. fermentum B111K and L. plantarum IIA-1A5. L. fermentum B111K was able to assimilate cholesterol by 4.10% with assimilated cholesterol of 0.13 mg in 1010 cells. In addition, L. plantarum IIA-1A5 had BSH gene and BSH activity, as well as the ability to assimilate cholesterol by 8.10% with assimilated cholesterol of 0.06 mg in 1010 cells. It is concluded that L. fermentum B111K and L. plantarum IIA-1A5 were strains that showed cholesterol-lowering effects

Analisis Pola Pengambilan Mata Kuliah dan Kinerja Mahasiswa Tiap Angkatan dengan Menggunakan Teknik Process Mining

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember merupakan salah satu perguruan teknik negeri yang telah menerapkan sistem informasi akademik untuk mendukung proses perkuliahan mahasiswa. Dalam menjalankan proses perkuliahan tentunya telah ditetapkan kurikulum yang bersifat standar. Namun pada Kenyataannya tidak jarang ada perbedaan antara proses perkuliahan yang didefinisikan dalam kurikulum dengan proses perkuliahan yang dijalankan mahasiswa. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan proses perkuliahan mahasiswa terhambat dan menyebabkan mahasiswa lulus dengan tidak tepat waktu ataupun dengan IPK yang kurang baik. Pemodelan proses perkuliahan dilakukan per-angkatan mahasiswa dengan menggunakan teknik process mining. Teknik process mining dipilih karena dengan menggunakan metode ini dapat diketahui pola pengambilan matakuliah suatu angkatan dari pemodelan proses yang memanfaatkan event log yang sudah didapatkan dari sistem informasi akademik ITS. Hasil dari tugas akhir ini adalah model petri net dari proses pengambilan mata kuliah mahasiswa tiap angkatan dari awal masuk hingga menyelesaikan perkuliahan. Analisis yang didapatkan yakni yang pertama adalah banyaknya variasi alur pengambilan mata kuliah untuk setiap mahasiswa serta kinerja mahasiswa berdasarkan IPK dan lama studi, kedua adalah mengenai turunnya kinerja angkatan yang mengalami ekivalensi pada kurikulum 2004 ke 2009 namun tidak berlaku pada angkatan yang mengalami ekivalensi pada kurikulum 2009 ke 2014

Functional outcome of elbow after comminuted radial head fractures treated with radial head excision arthroplasty versus radial head prosthesis

Background: Aim of the study was to compare the functional outcome of the elbow after treating a Mason type III radial head fractures with radial head excision arthroplasty versus radial head arthroplasty with prosthesis and to study the complications which occur in both techniques.Methods: This prospective study comprised of 30 patients, with each group comprising of 15 patients each (n=15). Randomization was done; group A comprised of patients with Mason type 3 radial head fractures treated with excision arthroplasty and group B included patients with Mason type 3 radial head fractures treated with radial head arthroplasty with prosthesis. Post operatively the operated limb was immobilized in an above-elbow plaster of Paris slab for 3 weeks in all patients.Results: Mean disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) score at 6 weeks was noted to be 30.13 for patients belonging to group A and 13.06 for patients in group B. The mean DASH score at 3 months follow up was calculated as 22.53 for group A and 10.66 for group B. The mean DASH score at 6 monthly follow up was noted to be 13.86 for patients in group A and 5.2 for patients in group B.Conclusions: As evident from the radiological findings and the clinical follow up, it is safe to say that radial head arthroplasty with prosthesis produces more convincing results in terms of stability of the elbow joint, range of motion and pain as compared to radial head excision arthroplasty for the treatment of Mason type III radial head fractures.

Potential of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Dangke and Indonesian Beef as Hypocholesterolaemic Agent

Lactobacillus fermentum strains were successfully isolated from dangke which was a fresh cheese-like product originating from Enrekang, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. In addition, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus acidophillus were isolated from beef. This study aimed to investigate the ability of those 8 LAB strains from dangke and beef in lowering cholesterol level by using in vitro study. Strain of Lactic acid bacteria used were L. fermentum strains (A323L, B111K, B323K, C113L, C212L), L. plantarum strains (IIA-1A5 and IIA-2C12), and L. acidophillus IIA-2B4. Variables observed were identification of Bile Salt Hydrolase (BSH) gene by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), BSH activity and cholesterol assimilation. Phylogenetic tree indicated homology of L. plantarum IIA-IA5 was 98% to BSH gene of L. plantarum Lp529 with access code of FJ439771 and FJ439775 obtained from GenBank. The results demonstrated that eight strains of LAB isolated from dangke and beef that potentially showed cholesterol-lowering effects were L. fermentum B111K and L. plantarum IIA-1A5. L. fermentum B111K was able to assimilate cholesterol by 4.10% with assimilated cholesterol of 0.13 mg in 1010 cells. In addition, L. plantarum IIA-1A5 had BSH gene and BSH activity, as well as the ability to assimilate cholesterol by 8.10% with assimilated cholesterol of 0.06 mg in 1010 cells. It is concluded that L. fermentum B111K and L. plantarum IIA-1A5 were strains that showed cholesterol-lowering effects

Potensi Material Sampah Combustible pada Zona II TPA Jatibarang Semarang sebagai Bahan Baku RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel)

Jumlah penduduk yang meningkat juga meningkatkan jumlah kebutuhan energi. Namun, sumber daya yang tersedia juga semakin berkurang. Sehingga perlu digantikan dengan energi yang baru. Sampah yang meningkat dan pengolahan yang sangat sedikit dapat dijadikan sumber energi yang baru bagi masyarakat dengan konsep waste to energy (WTE). Salah satunya yaitu dengan mengubah sampah menjadi bahan baku RDF (refuse-derived fuel). RDF merupakan salah satu teknik penanganan sampah dengan mengubah sampah menjadi sesuatu yang bermanfaat yaitu bahan bakar. Sampah sangat berpotensi menjadi bahan baku RDF terutama organik dan plastik sebagai sampah yang mudah terbakar (combustible). Sampah tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi bahan baku RDF dengan cara menganalisis nilai kalor yang dihasilkan. Untuk menganalisis nilai kalor pada sampah combustible zona aktif II TPA Jatibarang dapat dilakukan dengan cara pengujian sampel sebanyak 100 gram dengan alat bom kalorimeter. Sampel tersebut diambil pada kedalaman 0-3 m dengan metode random sampling. Kemudian akan didapat nilai kalor tinggi yang dihasilkan sampel tersebut. Nilai Kalor Tinggi yang dihasilkan sampel tersebut sebesar 5,69 kkal/ton pada kedalaman 0-1 m, 6,07 kkal/ton pada kedalaman 1-2 m dan 5,94 kkal/ton pada kedalaman 2-3 m. Nilai kalor tinggi yang dihasilkan sampah combustible tersebut menunjukkan bahwa semakin rendah kedalaman sampah maka akan semakin tinggi nilai kalor yang dihasilkan dan sampah tersebut berpotensi sebagai bahan baku RDF

Temperature Calibrator with Thermocouple Based Microcontroller

Calibration is very important to know the temperature uniformity inside the tool. One of them is at the temperature sterilizer, dry heating sterilizer which is sterilizing the device using a high heat oven. The purpose of this study is to develop a temperature Calibrator tool as a refinement of previously made tools by measuring temperatures more than one point in order to achieve a calibration process that complies with the standard. The working method of a temperature calibration device is that the sensor will detect the temperature which then enters the IC ATMEGA 328 that has been given the program and processed in such a way that the output will be displayed on the LCD 4x20 character in the form of temperature measurement of the device. Based on the results of comparative data between the module and the comparison tool "8 Channel Thermocouple Temperature Recorder" from the BPFK Surabaya, it has the largest difference of 40C and the percentage error (1,6%) and the smallest difference of 10C and the percentage error (0,16%)